Ancient Greece and Rome. Best answer on the web
As you ask in the question and subsequent clarifications I wil provide you with an outline of this topic and several sources related. Also I will bring you some pages wich will lead you to writte your essays.
The structure of my answer is as follows:
-General Introduction.
-Introduction to the Greek Art.
-Introduction to the Roman Art.
-Differences betwwen Greek and Roman Art.
-Conclusion
-General Introduction:
The art of the ancient Greeks and Romans is called classical art. This name is used also to describe later periods in which artists looked for their inspiration to this ancient style. The Romans learned sculpture and painting largely from the Etruscans and Greeks and helped to transmit Greek art to later ages.
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-Introduction to the Greek Art:
Greek artists achieved a very high level of sophistication. Indeed, it is easy to see why ancient Greek art has been a paradigm for artists throughout the ages; with its emphasis on order, harmony, and balance, as well as a focus on celebrating and idealizing the human figure, Greek art captured a moment of beauty for all eternity. We can divide the Greek Art history in four ages:
_Geometric Age: This early period from Greek art history shows how ancient artists adorned many of their works (vase paintings in particular) with geometric patterns.
_Archaic Age: During this period, Greek artists came into contact with foreign ideas and styles. It was also a time when vase painting and sculpture began to reflect the Greek ideals.
_Classical Age: Often referred to as the "Golden Age", the Classical era was a time when perfection was achieved in the arts; the Parthenon was constructed during this period.
_Hellenistic Age: In the Hellenistic period, new ideas permeated Greek art, and emotion, drama, and realism began to influence the appearance - and subject matter - of Hellenistic sculpture.
Source: "Art History at Loggia Exploring Ancient Greek Art":
http://www.loggia.com/art/ancient/greece.html
"The first and greatest period of classical art began in Greece about the middle of the 5th century BC. By that time Greek sculptors had...learned to represent the human form naturally and easily, in action or at rest. They were interested chiefly in portraying gods, however. They thought of their gods as people, but grander and more beautiful than any human being. They tried, therefore, to portray ideal beauty rather than any particular person. Their best sculptures achieved almost godlike perfection in their calm, ordered beauty. The Greeks had marble and used it freely for temples as well as for their sculpture. They were not satisfied with its cold whiteness, however, and painted both their statues and their buildings. Some statues have been found with their bright colors still preserved, but most of them lost their paint through weathering. ... Parrhasius, Zeuxis, and Apelles, the great painters of the 4th century BC, were famous as colorists. Polygnotus, in the 5th century, was renowned as a draftsman. We have many examples of Greek vases. ... The beautiful decorations on these vases give us some idea of ... the wonderful feeling for form and line that made the Greeks supreme in the field of sculpture. ... The earliest vases--produced from about the 12th century to the 8th century BC--were decorated with brown paint in the so-called geometric style. ...In the next period the figures of men and gods began to be more realistic and were painted in black on the red clay. In the 6th century BC the figures were left in red and a black background was painted in. By the 8th century BC the Greeks ... began to visit other lands. In Egypt they saw many beautiful examples of both painting and sculpture. In Asia Minor they were impressed by the enormous Babylonian and Assyrian sculptures that showed narrative scenes. The early Greek statues were stiff and flat, but in about the 6th century BC the sculptors began to study the human body and work out its proportions. ... The Greeks wore no clothing when they practiced sports, and the sculptor could observe their beautiful, strong bodies in every pose. Greek religion, Greek love of beauty, and a growing spirit of nationalism found fuller and fuller expression. But it took the crisis of the Persian invasion (490-479 BC) to arouse the young, virile race to great achievements. After driving out the invaders, the Greeks suddenly, in the 5th century, reached their full stature. What the Persians had destroyed, the Greeks set to work to rebuild. Their poets sang the glories of the new epoch, and Greek genius...came to full strength and beauty. It was then, under Pericles, that the Athenian Acropolis was restored and adorned with the matchless Parthenon, the Erechtheum, and other beautiful buildings. There were beautiful temples in other cities of Greece too, notably that of Zeus at Olympia, which are known from descriptions by the ancient writers and from a few fragments that have been discovered in recent times. The 5th century BC was made illustrious in sculpture also by the work of three great masters.... Myron is famous for the boldness with which he fixed moments of violent action in bronze, as in his famous 'Discobolus', or Discus Thrower. There are fine copies now in Munich and in the Vatican, in Rome. The 'Doryphorus', or Spear Bearer, of Polyclitus was called by the ancients the Rule, or guide in composition. The Spear Bearer was believed to follow the true proportions of the human body perfectly. ...The greatest name in Greek sculpture is that of Phidias. Under his direction the sculptures decorating the Parthenon were planned and executed. Some of them may have been the work of his own hand. His great masterpieces were the huge gold and ivory statue of Athena which stood within this temple and the similar one of Zeus in the temple at Olympia. ...The works of Phidias were followed by those of Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus. ...Praxiteles' sculpture is less lofty and dignified than that of Phidias, but it is full of grace and charm. Scopas carried further the tendency to portray dramatic moods, giving his subjects an intense impassioned expression. Lysippus returned to the athletic type of Polyclitus, but his figures are lighter and more slender, combining manly beauty and strength. He was at the height of his fame in the time of Alexander the Great. ...The period following the death of Alexander is known as the Hellenistic. Greek art lost much of its simplicity and ideal perfection of form, its serenity and restraint, but it gained in intensity of feeling and became more realistic. Two works of the period are the 'Dying Gaul', sometimes called the 'Dying Gladiator', and the beautiful 'Apollo Belvedere'. The 'Laocoon' group, which depicts a father and his sons crushed to death by serpents, illustrates the extremity of physical suffering as represented in sculpture. A famous late Hellenistic statue is the 'Nike', 'Winged Victory' or 'Victory of Samothrace' . The dramatic effect of her sweeping draperies and the swift movement of the figure are distinctive. In contrast to previous standing figures, this is an action pose, giving a sense of motion and wind at sea. The date of the statue has been disputed. At present it is usually placed between 250 and 180 BC."
It was taken from "GREEK AND ROMAN ART":
http://greek438.tripod.com/greekromanart.htm
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-Introduction to the Roman Art:
Romans were collectors and admirers of Greek art.
As a result, Roman art is somewhat based on Greek art. However, Roman art is not merely a continuation of Greek art. Roman art is divided into four categories: portrait sculptures, paintings and mosaics, relief sculptures, and statues. Each of these has its own characteristics:
-Portrait sculptures, designed by the Romans, shows the desire of the Romans for literalness; it records even the homeliest features. Some art historians believe that the vividly real portrait sculptures that appeared during the Republican Period were inspired by death masks.
-Paintings and mosaics were influenced by the architecture of the Romans . Their architecture consisted of buildings containing a small number of doors and windows, thus leaving considerably large stretches of wall space suitable for decoration. The walls were used for two things in Roman art. First, they were used as a barrier. Secondly, they were used to visually open the wall and enhance the space of the room. Only certain colors were used: deep red, yellow, green, violet and black. Two methods were used to prepare walls for painting. In one, plaster was compounded with marble dust, then laid directly on the wall in several layers. Finally, it was polished to a marble finish. The wall was then ready to be painted with water colors or encaustic paints. The other method, called panel painting, consisted of stucco being applied to boards of wood. Then water colors, obtained from minerals and animal dyes were applied. The painting was then mounted to cover a wall.There are four styles of painting Incrustation, the first style, was used from 200 to 60 B.C. Walls were divided into bright polychrome panels of solid colors with an occasional textural contrast. In the years 60 to 20 B.C. the second style, the architectural style, was used. This method made a wall look as if it extended beyond the room, but it wasn't systematically perspective. In the years 20 B.C. to A.D. 60, the third style, the ornate style, was used. This method subdivided a wall into a number of panels by means of vertical and horizontal bands. The fourth and final style of painting took place in A.D.60 to A.D.79. It was called the intricate style. Each wall contained a great number of separate paintings not relating to each other. Art of Rome wasn't limited to that of walls. Romans also had murals, painted glass, illustrated books, and easel paintings.
-Relief sculptures, carved into large pieces of stone, were used to decorate pediments, cella walls of temples, and the interior and exterior of various buildings. There are two types of relief sculptures. One is a pictorial frieze, which is an unbroken representation of one or more mythological or historical events. The other is an image. It consists of a self-contained representation of an act, an occurrence, or event relating to the deeds of military figures. Reliefs varied by the method in which they were executed. Some were densely packed while other were loosely dispersed.
-Sculptures were one form of art in which the Romans copied the Greeks to a great extent. Statues of Greek gods were taken and copied. Then wings and portrait heads were added along with draping clothing. The Romans favorite subjects for nude statues were powerful, muscular, male bodies. As a result, a vast majority of nude statues are exactly that, muscular men. Many statues of people were made into an ideal form, although some represented a person's characteristics. For example, a small head was symbolic of a person with little intelligence.
Taken from "Roman Art":
http://www.freeessays.cc/db/6/ame194.shtml
"The Romans art was used not so much for the expression of great and noble ideas and emotions as for decoration and ostentation. As art became fashionable, it lost much of its spiritual quality. As they borrowed many elements of their religion from the Greeks, so the Romans copied the statues of Greek gods and goddesses. In one respect, however, the Roman sculptors did show originality; they produced many vigorous realistic portrait statues." From "GREEK AND ROMAN ART":
http://greek438.tripod.com/greekromanart.htm
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-Differences betwwen Greek and Roman Art:
There are a number of similarities between Greek and Roman art that are evident with these two cultures, but the point will be focused on the differences.
"Throughout history art has consistently reflected the cultural values and social structures of individual civilizations. ...From art we can determine the basic moral and philosophical beliefs of many ancient societies. The differences in arts purpose in Greece and Rome, for example, show us the fundamental differences in each culture’s political and moral system. The primary objective of Greek art was to explore the order of nature and to convey philosophical thought, while Roman art was used primarily as a medium to project the authority and importance of the current ruler and the greatness of his empire. This change in the meaning of art from Greek to Roman times shows the gradual decline in the importance of intellectualism in ancient western culture....The fact that Greek civilization reached a point at which its art reflected some of the most refined thought ever recorded in the ancient world shows the importance of intellectualism in this great culture. ...The Doryphoros, a sculpture done by Polycleatus himself, serves as an excellent example of how art reflects philosophical thought. This sculpture was constructed using a strict mathematical formula that was believed to represent the perfect male body. Greek philosophers such as Aristotle further explored the value and importance of visual perfection and its effect on human consciousness. This exploration was later developed into a branch of philosophy known as Aesthetics. In contrast, Roman art was used as propaganda that displayed the authority and greatness of Rome’s current ruler; this in no way reflected evolution of thought...(Roman) Artists began to use detailed craftsmanship with which they could portray human emotion and in turn use physical appearance to make a statement about politicians’ character...Art was no longer used to convey philosophical thought or to explore the delicate balance of nature...Only a short time after the Romans entered the Hellenistic era...roman artists began to use the Greek ideas of detailed anatomy and mathematical proportions to depict the bodies of their rulers. This, in combination with use of mythological figures to show the divinity of the Caesar, brought Roman propagandistic art to a new level. The Augustus of Prima Porta is an excellent example...The body of this sculpture is based on that of a Greek God figure such as the Hermes, by Praxtiteles. The artist who was responsible for the carving of the Augustus highly modifies the so-called perfect form in order to convey certain symbols of power. The most notable difference between this work and the original Greek works is that the subject is clothed with extravagant armor and drapery. The decorative breastplate worn by Augustus in this portrait is a symbol of empirical conquest...At his feet, a small sculpture of Cupid was carved in an attempt to show Augustus’s divine lineage." Taken from "Roman Art Vs. Greek Art" (you must take a look here):
http://www.essays.cc/free_essays/a4/cng289.shtml
In conclusion the difference between Greek and Roman artistic temperament is revealed in a comparison of the sculpture created by each culture. While the Greeks were content to idealize their images, the Republic Romans preferred representations in stone and bronze that emphasized the reality of the person being portrayed. And later they searched for depict the majesty of the rulers. The Greeks used a combination of ideal parts in their art but not showing any actual people. The Romans were masters of realism, no matter what motivated Roman to create their "real" images of people, the fact is that these portraits are a powerful evidence of the industriousness of the Romans. Indeed, it seems fair to say that in some respects, the Romans wanted to create the world in their own image.
Additional resources:
From the "Montgomery County Public Schools" website:
-"Etruscan & Roman Art - Roman Republican Period":
http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/quinceorchardhs/art/2000-2001/arthistory/rome/republican.html
-"Etruscan & Roman Art - Roman Imperial Period":
http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/quinceorchardhs/art/2000-2001/arthistory/rome/imperial.html
From "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York" website:
-"Greek Art" (PDF file):
http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/publications/pdfs/greek/divided/f-Greek-Art.pdf
From the "Lincoln Land Community College" website:
-"Adrianne Boyle, Instructor - Department of Fine Arts", there are links to download Powerpoint presentations with great images about the Roman and Greek Arts : http://www.llcc.cc.il.us/aboyle/art204/
"GUIDE TO THE PRESENTATION OF ESSAYS & VISUAL PAPERS":
http://vandyck.anu.edu.au/greek/essaytips.html
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livioflores-ga
Please again let me know your opinion about the architecture part of the answer, if you need more info related I will be glad to find it for you.
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livioflores-ga
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I hope there isn´t to late to include something about the architecture, and you are right, I missed this topic.
-Introduction to the Greek Architecture:
"The Greek's life was ruled and regulated by their religion. Because of this, their temples were the largest and most intricately decorated of all the buildings in each city. The temple was developed in the 8th century, and contained the statue of the god or goddess that the temple honored. Greek temples weren't usually grand in size, but had elaborate detail in the architecture. The entrances to the temples were very tall doorways, around two-thirds the height of the building. When the doors were opened, they let enough light into the room that the statue of the immortal would be lit. on the other hand, private houses were very small, usually with one main room. The shapes of the housing units were rectangular, oval, and some were combinations of both, with curved back walls called apses. Greek private homes were not architecturally impressive because their walls were made of wet mud-brick and small stones. Community activities, such as entertainment and recreational activities, were taken place in large, open, arenas. These were usually fields surrounded by many rows of columns. They had no roofs. Also, baths were taken in large public bodies of water, with columns built around them. These buildings were very simple, but architecturally stayed the same over the ancient Greek times. Roofs were not commonly used in Greek Architecture, temples were one of the few public buildings that did. There were two main types of roofs in Greek architectures: -Laconian roofs: were made by large slates of tiles, and convex cover tiles. (Sparta). -Corinthian roofs: consisting of pitched cover tiles. (Delphi and Olympia). Generalizing, all roofs made of flat tiles were Corinthian, and all roofs made of curved tiles were Laconian. As we said, temples were one of the only buildings that were covered with roofs. To hold up the roofs of the temples, three types of columns were used. The three types of columns used in Greek architecture were Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian: -Doric columns: the Doric style is rather sturdy and its top (the capital), is plain. Doric columns are the most basic and undecorative, with a square and circular capital and a plain 20 sided shaft. There is no base to spruce up this basic design which leaves this column with a very straightforward but powerful presence in its design. This style was used in mainland Greece and the colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. The Temple of Hera at Olympia is an example of a building with Doric style columns.
-Ionic columns: the Ionic style is thinner and more elegant. Ionic columns were taller than Doric compared to their height, and also had what is called entasis; which is a convex swelling to prevent an illusion of concavity in a column shaft. The bases were large and textured with a profile like that of stacked rings. Their capitals consist of a scroll-like portion above a decorative shaft portion. The Ionic style is a little more decorative in the capital, and had a continuous band of drawings depicted. The Ionic cornice is virtually the same as its Doric counterpart with only minor differences. This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands. The first large Greek Temples had Ionic columns. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the Treasury of the Siphnians at Delphi had Ionic columns.
-Corinthian columns: these columns are the most decorative and usually the most appealing to the modern eye. They too use entasis to correct the optical illusions of the massive Greek structures. The Corinthian capitals have flowering, leaf-like structures below a lesser scroll design than that of Ionian capitals. The shaft has indented sides and the base is a more refined version of the Ionian. The Corinthian roofs are flat. The Corinthian frieze is the same as the Ionic frieze, but on a smaller scale. The Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae has Corinthian columns. The Corinthian style is seldom used in the Greek world, but often seen on Roman temples.
-Note: to see the differences please take a look to this image:
http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/takomaparkms/academics/ws/ppoint/greekarch/sld005.htm
And also visit this page:
http://wwws2.countryday.net/2006/rothda/greek_columns.htm
The materials used by ancient Greek architects evolved over time. In the 7th century B.C., wood, stone and mud bricks were used to only build temples; houses were simply made of clay and mud. Over the following centuries, these materials were used to build common buildings and private homes. Wood was used for roofing and supports of the structure. Precious stones and metals were used for columns and walls of public buildings and temples.
-Sources:
"Basics of Greek Architecture":
http://wwws2.countryday.net/2006/loudermie/greek%20architecture.htm
"Greek Architecture":
http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/sinq/greekciv2/arts/architecture/greekark.htm
"When building the first temples, ancient Greek architects ran into many problems, the first being the problem of design. When an architect first began his temple, he had to begin at the bottom and work his way up. The foundation must be strong and level in order for the temple to be a success. One mistake in the beginning would have been impossible to correct. One important restriction in drawing the design plans was the size of the paper. They only had small pieces of paper, made from papyrus. Although many prices were glued together to make a bigger piece of paper, it still was not large enough to show enough of the necessary details of the drawing to the builders. As a result, detao;s were overlooked and could cause serious errors. The Greeks came up with two solutions to help this problem. The first was to design simple buildings. The second was to have the architect at the site to tell the builders exactly what he wanted. Another problem architects came upon, was the demand for large temples. If the width of the building was increased, the weight of the columns would increase. The solution to this problem was a simplistic design. The basic plan was a long rectangular hall with a portico of columns around all four sides. This plan did not cause an increase in the roof span, and consequently did not put extra weight on the columns. There are many buildings which show the classic Greek style of architecture. These buildings, however, contain many different aspects, ranging from the roof type, to size, to column type". From "Greek Architecture - Buildings":
http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/sinq/greekciv2/arts/architecture/greekark.htm#buildings
Note 2: If you want to see detailed descriptions of the most important buildings of the ancient greek architecture visit the page mentioned above.
-Introduction to Roman Architecture:
The architectural style of Rome was rooted in the Hellenistic traditions. However, Roman architecture is probably more accurately reflected in the development of new engineering skills and secular monuments than the ideas of gods and perfection that birthed the Greek architecture. They introduced not only new ways to construct a more efficient building but also a entirely different purpose for the building to be built. Though the Romans did build temples to their gods, the Roman style was more predominantly seen in public dwellings and social gathering areas, such as basilicas and forums, than in their temples. In fact, a majority of the Roman temples were nothing more than copies of Greek temples, with the exception of the domed Pantheon. Also, the Romans included their emperors in the temples along with the gods and sometimes the temple was just for the emperor himself. The Roman building are beautiful on the outside, but they did their best efforts inside, with the many-colored walls and paintings that gave a sense of depth to the room. Also, the Roman architect was concerned with the lighting of the room so that the interior decorations could be seen clearly. These things were important to the Romans because their buildings were meant to be gathering places for the public. The basilica was one such of these types of buildings that was intended to be a gathering place for Romans citizens to hold meeting and perhaps even courts. As the Roman civilization grew larger and larger the buildings they used for meetings and markets of course had to grow too. This presented a problem with the use of columns, because the big the building, the more columns needed to hold it up. Thus the Romans turned to engineering for the solution and the arch was born. By using arches instead of columns and beams, the weight of the structure was spread evenly out and toward the ground rather than directly down on the beam. This increased the amount of weight that could be supported in a single area and thus giving more room on the inside by taking away previously necessary columns. This invention of course changed the mindset on the construction of regular building that would have relied of columns, but it also was a stepping stone to another invention. The dome is nothing more than a network of arches that form an enclosed building. This is the theory that created the Pantheon, a circular dome that was the temple to the gods.
ˇYou can also find more datailed information about specifics topics in the following pages: "Domestic Architecture":
http://www.2020site.org/rome/domestic.html
"Roman Arch and Columns":
http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html
"Roman Theaters":
http://www.2020site.org/rome/romantheaters.html
"Roman Temples":
http://www.2020site.org/rome/romantemples.html
I did not summarize from this pages because they claim:
"The Contents are licensed only for the personal, household, educational use by a single individual. Reproducing Content on another site or redistributing Content is forbidden. Taking Content from this site and editing it and posting it on another site is also forbidden." http://www.2020site.org/legal/
-Differences between Greek and Roman Architectures:
The largest difference between Greek and Roman architecture is that Roman architecture used curves throughout the building. The buildings usually contained domes and circular figures, and were circularly shaped throughout. A great majority of Greek architecture used straight lines, except for the columns.
The Greeks people had a very good reason, in their minds, to build a beautiful piece of architecture; the worship of gods. Most all of the examples of Greek architecture that we know of today were temples. The gods were the driving force behind any major architecture of the Hellenistic period. This is not true of the Roman culture. In the other hand, the Roman architecture was oriented to the utility of the building, for that reason the most all of examples of Roman architecture are Forums, Baths, Coliseum, Acueducts, etc. This is one major difference between Greek and Roman architecture: the purpose behind the building. Greek architecture was meant to be viewed as a piece of art work that was dedicated to the gods. This is easy to see from the ornateness of the outside of the building with the pediments and metopes and the rather drabness of the inside with the exception of the friezes. The Greek designed it as a sculpture in a sense, with all of the beauty to be viewed from the outside. This way of thinking is turned completely around in the Roman architectural style. Although the Roman building are beautiful on the outside, the true art lies on the inside, their buildings were meant to be gathering places for the public. Bathhouses, basilicas and market places know as forums are yet examples of the types of building that the Romans focused on making pleasing to the eye on the inside rather than the outside. Not only did the Romans differ on why to build a building but they also made drastic differences on how to build it. The Greeks used what is know as a “post and lintel” system of designing a building. This is basically the idea of standing to columns up and placing a beam across them. A very simple and easy construction but on the other hand not a very strong one. Greek walls were made of cut stone blocks, trademark forms were rectangles and straight lines and the support system was post and lintel. Roman walls were made of concrete with ornamental facing, the trademark forms were circles and curved lines and the support system was the rounded arch and vaults. The Romans turned to engineering for building and they used the arch support structure. By using arches instead of columns and beams, they increased the amount of weight that could be supported in a single area and thus giving more room on the inside by taking away previously necessary columns, though they did keep some around for decoration. Then follows the dome a network of arches that form an enclosed building, you can see an example at the Pantheon. It is one of the first of its kind and has stood for thousands of years while other building designed strictly with columns have turn into nothing more than ruins.
Sources:
"Roman Architecture"
http://www.freeessays.cc/db/5/avk21.shtml
"Greek Architecture"
http://www.edutel.org/clinton/art/greek.html
-Conclusion:
"The superior engineering skills of the Romans truly played a major role in their architecture and set it apart from their Greek counterparts. Though the origin of their ideas came from the Greek architecture, the Romans were brilliant in the ways in which they organized and improved those ideas. They pioneered innovations in architecture, produced ground-breaking designs, and altered the very way we view buildings. They have left an everlasting impact on architecture by combining their way of life in the architecture that begin long before them." From "Roman Architecture":
http://www.freeessays.cc/db/5/avk21.shtml
A great source of images is "Maecenas - images of ancient Greece and Rome": http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/Maecenas/general_contents.html
You also can read the following essay "Roman Influence On Architecture": http://www.freeessays.cc/db/5/avk24.shtml
I hope this helps, and please forgive me for missing this part of the answer.
Thank you for asking to Google Answers.
Best Regards
livioflores-ga
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